Cada vez mais, mais cidades no mundo estendem a proibição de fumar a parques e até mesmo a praias. Por quê? E por que deveríamos considerar seriamente a possibilidade de proibir o fumo no Parque Ibirapuera?

A proposta de proibir que se fume – ou de se criar uma regulamentação mais severa do fumo – no Parque Ibirapuera, recentemente lançada no portal e na página Facebook do Parque Ibirapuera Conservação, teve reações predominantemente positivas, mesmo por parte de fumantes. Era de se esperar, porém, que houvesse algumas reações negativas, sobretudo de quem ignora – ou faz de conta ignorar – os malefícios do fumo para si próprio e, através do fumo passivo, para os outros. Digamos desde já: sim, o fumo passivo ocorre também ao ar livre.
Uma das objeções que se faz à proibição é que seria preciso conscientizar e educar – e não proibir. Quanto à conscientização e à educação, não há como discordar. Só que conscientização e educação são processos extremamente lentos, podem levar de duas a três gerações para serem efetivos. E, enquanto isso, devemos ignorar a saúde pública e assistir à destruição dos parques e do meioambiente? Assim, quando as pessoas atingirem a cosciência e a educação, não haverá mais nada a ser preservado? E, por duas ou três gerações, as pessoas conscientes e educadas devem comprometer a própria saúde e bem-estar por causa da falta de consciência e de educação dos outros? É aqui que entra a proibição, que tem, também, um valor educativo, pois as pessoas se adequam a ela a curto, médio e longo prazo e acabam se dando conta dos seus benefícios.
A proibição de fumar em parques não é nova e o exemplo dado, há algum tempo atrás, dos parques municipais de Nova York está longe de ser o único. (Veja o artigo aqui: http://parqueibirapuera.org/cheire-flores-nao-fumaca/) Nos Estados Unidos, muitas cidades já adotaram essas restrições. Algumas estenderam a proibição de fumar até mesmo às praias da própria jurisdição. Mas a tendência não se limita aos Estados Unidos.

Placa de “Proibido fumar” do Central Park, Nova York.
Na Austrália, no estado de Novo Gales do Sul, uma lei de 2000 já tinha banido o fumo em alguns lugares abertos, como dentro e nas vizinhanças dos parques infantis, nas piscinas públicas, campos esportivos, paradas de ônibus, numa área de quatro metros das entradas de edifícios públicos.
Em 2004, o Município de Mosman, na área metropolitana de Sidney, ia ainda mais longe, proibindo o fumo em praias, nas áreas abertas de restaurantes e nas áreas litorâneas de proteção ambiental.

Balmoral Beach, Mosman (Sidney), uma das muitas praias australianas onde é proibido fumar. (Foto: Wikipedia)
Em 2007, esse mesmo município estendia a proibição de fumar aos parques e praças públicas em geral, paradas de ônibus e até mesmo em estacionamentos. Enfim, a proibição de fumar foi estendida a todo o estado, mesmo nas áreas ao ar livre de restaurantes, em 2015.
Em Sidney, é proibido fumar, entre outros lugares, no campus da Universidade de New South Wales, no da University of Western Sidney e na famosa praia de Bondi desde 2014.
Ainda em 2015, o governo do Novo Gales do Sul deu outro passo muito importante no combate ao fumo e aos seus malefícios – em especial, ao fumo passivo e à poluição tóxica que os tocos de cigarro disseminam no meioambiente. Fumar foi proibido em todos os parques nacionais e até mesmo dentro dos carros nas estradas que os atravessam.

Estrada dentro do Blue Mountains National Park (Novo Gales do Sul, Austrália), onde é proibido fumar até mesmo dentro dos carros (fonte: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service).
Entre as motivações da nova lei, estão: reduzir o risco de incêndios acidentais; reduzir os efeitos do fumo passivo, especialmente em áreas de grande concentração de visitantes; e reduzir a disseminação de substâncias químicas perigosas presentes no cigarro – como arsênico e chumbo – no meioambiente.
É bom lembrar que os tocos de cigarro contêm mais de 4.000 substâncias químicas, entre as quais 43 cancerígenas, como a amônia, o dióxido de nitrogênio, o formaldeído, o cianeto de hidrogênio e o arsênico.
Não é para se tirar a liberdade individual de ninguém que tais políticas são colocadas em prática, mas sim como medida de incremento da saúde da coletividade, da qual faz parte, também, o zelo pelo meioambiente. Os fumantes podem continuar a fumar em muitos outros locais. Só precisam entender que o fumo está em clara contradição com os parques, com a saúde pública e com o respeito do meioambiente. A proibição de fumar nos parques, assim como em muitos outros lugares, não é um atentado à liberdade individual dos fumantes, mas sim uma oportunidade que se lhes dá de contribuir para o bem da coletividade, da qual, quer queira quer não, eles fazem parte.
Leia sobre as leis antifumo de Mosman: (http://www.mosman.nsw.gov.au/community/safety-and-wellbeing/smoke-free/)
Leia sobre a proibição de fumar nos parques nacionais do Novo Gales do Sul: http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/safety/no-smoking-in-national-parks
Leia sobre a proibição de fumar em muitas áreas ao ar livre na Austrália: http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-15-smokefree-environment/15-5-outdoor-areas

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